Appendix K – Indications For External Rhinoplasty Approach

Asymmetric nasal tip

Crooked-nose deformity (lower two thirds of nose)

Saddle-nose deformity Cleft-lip nasal deformity

Secondary rhinoplasty requiring complex structural grafting

Septal-perforation repair

REFERENCES

1. Johnson CM Jr, Toriumi DM. Open structure rhinoplasty. Philadelphia : W B Saunders. 1990.
2. Toriumi DM, Johnson CM. Open structure rhinoplasty: featured technical points and long-term lolloss-up. Fa‑cial Plast .Surer; Clin North Am 1993;